The Use Of Borrowings In Political Articles English Language Essay

The Use Of Borrowings In Political Articles incline run-in EssayThe purpose of this research is to investigate what the notion borrowing means, how dustup hobo be borrowed, what types of borrowing are. To accomplish this goal theoretical research and analysis of indemnity-making articles were done. The result of the research showed that words are frequently borrowed in accostly, they catch Latin or french origin and there are many phonetic and morphemic types of borrowing in governmental articles.Key words borrowing, phraseology, word.INTRODUCTION lecture is an important tool of communication. A man cannot develop without it properly. It is a chief(prenominal) mean due to what a man can express his feelings, emotions and attitude towards reality. Language is the most powerful armor what a man can posses. A man can praise with a word, admire, or even kill with it help.An susceptibility to use words correctly, to be eloquent was highly appreciated since the ancient times. This ability helped to cope with problems, decide and convince. Especially, eloquence was actually useful in political discourse. Politicians used all their knowledge and rhetoric in order to reach out their goal. They very carefully chose words when they performed with their speech on stage. Every word carried a definite meaning and served for a particular purpose.Politics, economy, science, education are spheres which demand a specific language. Such language helps to separate one sphere from some other. A good example is a political language. The vocabulary of political language is very rich and expressive not merely due to the primordial words of a language, but also to words borrowed from other languages.The goal of the research is to investigate the use of borrowings in political articles.The enabling objectives were set up to achieve the researchs goalto analyse system on borrowingsto find out the types of borrowingsto analyse political articlesto find out how words are by and large borrowedto summarize and picture findings.The research is based on a hypothesis words, used in political articles, are borrowed frequently in the indirect way and most of them have Latin or french origin.The methods of the researchTheoretical (the analysis of the information and theory on borrowings, their types, ways of borrowing)Practical (the analysis of political articles, the analysis of the examples). brusk outline of chaptersThe first chapter gives the analysis of the theory on borrowings.The second chapter provides the findings of the research and presents the summary of the research.THEORETICAL ANALYSIS OF acceptationThis chapter deals with theoretical material on what borrowing is, what ways of borrowing exist, and what types of borrowing present.Definition of BorrowingAs postulated in Longman vocabulary of Applied Linguistics, a borrowing is a word or excogitate which has been taken from one language and used in another language (1992 42). According to Re formatorskiy, in that respect is no language on earth which lexicon would consist only of its own primordial words (1997 139). Every language uses borrowings, which help enrich its vocabulary. He states that Borrowings are consequence of interaction of different people and nations on the bases of political, duty and economical relations (1997473).The English language has been open and not been afraid of borrowing words from other languages during the whole history of Britain. It came in a very close contact with different people and languages thereby enriching and widening its lexicon and expressiveness.As stated in Online 7, there many various borrowings in English from such(prenominal) languages asScandinavian, e.g. they, there, them, skin, sky, skirt.Celtic, e.g. clan, flannel, slogan, London, Thames, Dover.Dutch, e.g. yacht, buoy, leak. There are words borrowed from Dutch, which are related to shipping.German, e.g. bear, kindergarten.Italian, e.g. piano, solo, pizza, balcony, opera.Spanish, e.g. guitar, barbeque, ranch.Arabic, e.g. alcohol, zero, tariff.French, e.g. government, parliament, court, nation, property, royal, money. There are enormous amount of words from French in English language.Latin, e.g. bonus, area, collapse.Greek, e.g. comedy, tragedy, physics, zoology. A great quantity of words were borrowed from both, Latin and Greek, especially during Renaissance Period, when was renewed the interest in classical languages.Ways of BorrowingThere are both ways of borrowingDirectlyDirectly means that borrowing happens spontaneously, directly from other language (Reformatorskiy, 1997 475).e.g. Developers analysing the data warned that in some cases it could be incomplete. (Online 12)Data L. Eng. (Online 16)indirectlyIndirectly means that borrowing happens through mediators. Mediators usually are other languages (Reformatorskiy, 1997 475).e.g. follows a long-running campaign by the Guardian and campaigners for open government.(Online 12)Campaign L. L.L. O.Fr. Fr.- Eng. (Online 16)Types of BorrowingThere are four main types of borrowingPhonetic borrowingsAs stated in Online 17, phonetic borrowings, called also loan words proper. Words are borrowed with their meaning, spell and pronunciation.Translation loan or calqueTranslation loan or calque is word- for word (morpheme for morpheme) translation of some foreign word or expression. On such cases the notion is borrowed from a foreign language but it is expressed by native lexical units (Online 7). As indicated by Longman Dictionary of Applied Linguistics, another explanation of translation loan or calque is a type of borrowing, in which each morpheme or word is translated into the equivalent morpheme or word in another language (1992 78)Semantic borrowingsAccording to Online 6, semantic borrowings are such units when a new meaning of unit existing in the language is borrowed.morphemic borrowingsMorphemic borrowings are borrowings of affixes. (Online 17)To sum up, words can b e borrowed from different languages as Latin, Greek, Spanish, Arabic, Celtic, Scandinavian, etc. There are two ways of borrowing direct and indirect. Moreover, one can see that there are four main types of borrowings phonetic, translation loan or calque, semantic and morphemic borrowings.PRACTICAL ANALYSIS OF BORROWINGThis chapter deals with a practical analysis of articles and provides examples of this analysis.Phonetic borrowingse.g. publishing council tax collection rates and data about the performance of services such as trumpery collection and recycling (Online 13)Rate M.L. rata M.Fr. rate Eng. (Online 16)e.g. Mr Blair moved from a twice weekly 15 minute session to a once- a week 30 minute showdown. (Online 14)Session L. sessionem O.Fr. session Eng. (Online 16)e.g. The fact that most cash from President Obamas $787 billion stimulus package (Online 18)Stimulus Mod.L. stimulus Eng. (Online 16)e.g. The two sides and would shape their policy agenda. (Online 10)Agenda L. ag endum Eng. (Online 16)Translation loan or calquee.g. Since his announcement Saturday that he would be the crucial 60th vote necessary (Online 11)Saturday English Saturday partially calques Latin Dis Saturn day of Saturn.(Online 9)e.g. The opportunity to acquire a potential masterpiece. (The Economist, p.7)Masterpiece from Gr. or Du. (Probably translation of Dutch meesterstuk or German Meisterstck Dutch meester and German Meister, master + Dutch stuk and German Stck, piece of work.) (Online 15 )Semantic borrowingse.g. The bail-out of the banks coincided with the loss of jobs. (The Economist, p.3)The German semantic word die Bnke originally meant a bench. The English noun a bank has more than one meaning it means a place where people and organization can invest and borrow money a sloping raised land along the sides of a river a pile or mass of earth, clouds a row of similar things, a bench. However, German afterward borrowed the other meaning of a bank from English, and today also means a place where people and organization can invest and borrow money a sloping raised land along the sides of a river a pile or mass of earth, clouds a row of similar things.(Cambridge Advanced Learners Dictionary 2008 104)Morphemic borrowingse.g. Critics say the job was always earmarked for a Liberal Democrat, irrespective of their qualifications. (Online 10)Irrespective = ir + respective from L._ ir (not). (Online 16)e.g. A cut in the sanctioned rate of tax, a hugely unpopular move he later admitted was a mistake. (Online 8)Unpopular = un + popular from O.E. _un (not) (Online 16)Overall, political articles are full of different types of borrowings. or so every second word may be considered to be as a borrowing. There are great quantities of phonetic and morphemic borrowings in political articles. Translation loan or calque may egress in colloquial language or literal language rather than in political one.CONCLUSIONIn conclusion, all words, which are used in a definite lang uage, form its lexicon. Besides it own words, every language has borrowings in its vocabulary. The main purpose of borrowings is to enrich vocabulary of particular language and to make notion more precise.Drawing conclusion is completely based on the results of the analysis of theory on borrowings and the analysis of political articles. On the basis of data collected from political articles, most of words are borrowed indirectly. When analysing the results of the theory and political discourse, the research be that, the types of borrowing which are mostly presented in political articles are phonetic and morphemic borrowings. The results point to an interesting trend that most of borrowings come from Latin and French languages.The hypothesis of the research has been proved, because in political discourse most of words are borrowed in indirect way and most of them has Latin or French origin.THESESMost of words are borrowed indirectly.There are four main types of borrowings phonetic, translation loan or calque, semantic and morphemic borrowings.The types of borrowing which are mostly presented in political articles are phonetic and morphemic borrowings.Most of borrowings come from Latin and French languages.Translation loan or calque may appear in colloquial language or literal language rather than in political one.The main purpose of borrowings is to enrich vocabulary of particular language and to make notion more precise.